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![Probability of survival for CS 4, CS 4+ and CS 5.Probability of survival for the 3 different endpoints (CS 4, black line; CS 4+, blue line; CS 5, red line). For all logrank tests, CS 4 was used as the reference when comparing CS 4 vs. CS 4+ and CS 4 vs. CS 5, whereas CS 4+ was used as the reference when comparing CS 4+ vs. CS 5. The rate of reaching endpoint is significantly different (Pâ=â0.021) between CS 4 (clinical score of 4â=âfunctional paralysis of both hindlimbs), CS 4+ [CS 4 plus the earliest of a) weight loss â¥20% vs. body weight immediately prior to a clinical score of 2, b) weight loss â¥20% vs. peak body weight, c) body condition score <2, or d) a righting reflex >20 s (CS 5)], and CS 5 (clinical score of 5â=âCS 4 and righting reflex >20 s). Mice reached CS 4 at a rate of 34% faster vs. CS 5 (HRâ=â1.34; 95% CI 1.10, 1.74; Pâ=â0.006) and 24% faster vs. CS 4+ (HRâ=â1.24; 95% CI 1.00, 1.59; Pâ=â0.046). Mice reached CS 4+ at a non-significant rate of 9% faster vs. CS 5 (HRâ=â1.09; 95% CI 0.88, 1.38; Pâ=â0.410).](/imgs/rescaled137/3110799_pone.0020582.g004.png) | One universal common endpoint in mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. | pone-0020582-g004: Probability of survival for CS 4, CS 4+ and CS 5.Probability of survival for the 3 different endpoints (CS 4, black line; CS 4+, blue line; CS 5, red line). For all logrank tests, CS 4 was used as the reference when comparing CS 4 vs. CS 4+ and CS 4 vs. CS...Bottom Line: Mice reached CS 4 at 123.9Β±10.3 d, CS 4+ at 126.6Β±9.8 d and CS 5 at 127.6Β±9.8 d, all significantly different from each other (P<0.001).There was a significant positive correlation between CS 4 and CS 5 (rβ=β0.95, P<0.001), CS 4 and CS 4+ (rβ=β0.96,... | Solomon JA, Tarnopolsky MA, Hamadeh MJ - PLoS ONE (2011) |
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 | Pharmacogenomics of interferon-beta therapy in multiple sclerosis: baseline IFN signature determines... | pone-0001927-g003: Comparative analysis between different treatment regimens.Comparison of biological response of Avonex treated patients and Betaferon or Rebif treated patients. A. Average biological response using the set of 15 IFN-induced genes in the test group of 16 RRMS...Bottom Line: The negative correlation was maintained after three (R = -0.7363; p = 0.0027) and six (R = -0.8154; p = 0.0004) months of treatment, as determined by gene expression levels of the most significant correlating gene.Similar results were obtained in an independent... | van Baarsen LG, Vosslamber S, Tijssen M, Baggen JM, et al. - PLoS ONE (2008) |
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 | Induction of neurite outgrowth through contactin and Nr-CAM by extracellular regions of glial receptor... | Figure 4: Inhibition by antiβ Nr-CAM antibodies of neurite extension induced by Ξ²CFS. Primary chick tectal cells were plated on dishes coated with Ξ²CFS fusion protein (80 ΞΌg/ml) and cultured for 48 h in the presence of Fabβ² fragments (500 ΞΌg/ml) of nonimmune...Bottom Line: As a substrate, betaCFS was less effective in supporting cell adhesion, but it was a more effective promoter of neurite outgrowth than betaCF. betaS had no effect by itself, but it potentiated neurite growth when mixed with betaCF.Neurite outgrowth induced... | Sakurai T, Lustig M, Nativ M, Hemperly JJ, et al. - J. Cell Biol. (1997) |
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 | Complement consumption in children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. | Figure 4: Scatter plot showing the median and interquartile C3a levels in children with severe malaria anaemia (cases) and those with uncomplicated malaria (controls). The median values were significantly higher in the controls (3,500 ng/ml, 3,100β4,200) compared to...Bottom Line: Similar trends were obtained for C4a and C5a.The activities of all three C pathways were greatly reduced in SMA compared to UM (9.9% vs 83.4% for CP, 0.09% vs 30.7% for MBL and 36.8% vs 87.7% for AP respectively, P < 0.001).These results indicate that, while... | Nyakoe NK, Taylor RP, Makumi JN, Waitumbi JN - Malar. J. (2009) |
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 | Comparative biochemical analysis of HIV-1 subtype B and C integrase enzymes. | Figure 12: Inhibition of disintegration as a function of increasing MK-2048 concentration. Subtype B and C disintegration activity (presented as relative percentage) in reaction to increasing MK-2048 concentration. This graph was prepared with GraphPad Prism 4.0, the...Bottom Line: Integrase inhibitors are currently being incorporated into highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).Due to high HIV variability, integrase inhibitor efficacy must be evaluated against a range of integrase enzymes from different subtypes.This study compares... | Bar-Magen T, Sloan RD, Faltenbacher VH, Donahue DA, et al. - Retrovirology (2009) |
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 | HTS-compatible beta-lactamase transcriptional reporter gene assay for interrogating the heat shock response... | Figure 4: Inhibition of 17-AAG-induced beta-lactamase reporter activity in the HSE-bla HeLa cells. Cells were pretreated with the indicated concentrations of quercetin and then stimulated with 65 nM 17-AAG for 5 hours before the beta-lactamase assay was performed as...Bottom Line: HSR is largely mediated by the activation of heat shock factor (HSF), resulting in increased heat shock protein expression.Dysregulation of the HSR signaling has been associated with various diseases including cancer, inflammation and neurodegenerative disorders.Our... | Hancock MK, Xia M, Frey ES, Sakamuru S, Bi K - Curr Chem Genomics (2009) |
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![Fractional renal clearance of L-FABP in patients undergoing liver resection (n = 10). From the fractional renal extraction of FABPs (approximately 30%) and renal blood flow (22% of total blood volume per minute) [12], a plasma half-life of FABPs of 11 min can be calculated. [A] = arterial concentration, [RV] = renal venous concentration](/imgs/rescaled137/2039834_268_2007_9182_Fig4_HTML.png) | Liver manipulation causes hepatocyte injury and precedes systemic inflammation in patients undergoing... | Fig4: Fractional renal clearance of L-FABP in patients undergoing liver resection (n = 10). From the fractional renal extraction of FABPs (approximately 30%) and renal blood flow (22% of total blood volume per minute) [12], a plasma half-life of FABPs of 11 min can...Bottom Line: To study the separate involvement of the intestines and the liver in systemic L-FABP release, arteriovenous concentration differences for L-FABP were measured.During liver manipulation, liver injury markers increased significantly.Intermittent hepatic inflow... | van de Poll MC, Derikx JP, Buurman WA, Peters WH, et al. - World J Surg (2007) |
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 | Further evidence for increased macrophage migration inhibitory factor expression in prostate cancer. | Figure 1: Scatter plots of PSA and MIF in random serum samples obtained following routine PSA testing. Median values for each group are represented by horizontal lines. Diagnosis of prostate cancer was determined by chart review. *** = p < 0.001 A) Serum MIF β All...Bottom Line: Recent studies from another laboratory failed to document these results.ELISA diluent reagents that included bovine serum albumin (BSA) significantly reduced MIF serum detection (p < 0.01).In addition, significant amounts of complexed MIF (180 kDa under denaturing... | Meyer-Siegler KL, Iczkowski KA, Vera PL - BMC Cancer (2005) |
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 | B cells directly tolerize CD8(+) T cells. | Figure 1: OVA257β264-coated B cells induce OVA-specific CTL tolerance in B6 mice. B6 mice were injected intravenously with 107 OVA257β264-coated B6 B cells, unpulsed B6 B cells, or medium alone, and rechallenged 7 d later with (a and c) 25 Γ 106 OVA-loaded spleen...Bottom Line: T cell death involved Fas (CD95), since OT-I cells deficient in CD95 molecules showed preferential survival after recognition of antigen on B cells.In this case, OT-I cells proliferated transiently and were then lost from the secondary lymphoid compartment.These... | Bennett SR, Carbone FR, Toy T, Miller JF, et al. - J. Exp. Med. (1998) |
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 | Human G protein-coupled receptor GPR-9-6/CC chemokine receptor 9 is selectively expressed on intestinal... | Figure 12: TECK blocks the binding of mAb 3C3 to GPR-9-6 on transfectants and lymphocytes. (A) L1.2/GPR-9-6 transfectants were preincubated with various concentrations of TECK or MDC on ice in PBS with 5% FCS, 10% human serum, and 0.2% azide for 10 min before the addition...Bottom Line: TECK (thymus-expressed chemokine), a recently described CC chemokine expressed in thymus and small intestine, was found to mediate chemotaxis of human G protein-coupled receptor GPR-9-6/L1.2 transfectants.As migration of these cells is blocked by anti-GPR-9-6... | Zabel BA, Agace WW, Campbell JJ, Heath HM, et al. - J. Exp. Med. (1999) |
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 | Development of micro-heaters with optimized temperature compensation design for gas sensors. | f10-sensors-11-02580: The modulation depth of the micro-heater ranging from frequency of 0βΌ100 Hz.Bottom Line: Meanwhile, the poly-Si micro-heater without compensation shows a higher level of infrared radiation under equal power consumption conditions.This indicates that the micro-heater without compensation is more suitable for a NDIR gas sensor.Furthermore, the micro-heater... | Hwang WJ, Shin KS, Roh JH, Lee DS, Choa SH - Sensors (Basel) (2011) |
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 | catena-Poly[[[diaqua-iron(II)]-μ-pyridine-2,5-dicarboxyl-ato-[tetra-aqua-iron(II)]-μ-pyridine-2,5-dicarboxyl-ato]... | Fap1: Part of the polymeric structure of the title compound, showing 30% probability displacement ellipsoids and the atom-numbering scheme. The H atoms are omitted for clarity. The suffix A corresponds to symmetry code (2 - x, 1 - y, 1 - z).Bottom Line: One Fe(II) atom is in a distorted octa-hedral N(2)O(4) environment, with two chelating rings from the pyridine-dicarboxyl-ate ligands and two O atoms from the water mol-ecules, while the other is in a distorted octa-hedral O(6) environment with two O atoms... | Xu HY, Ma HL, Xu MT, Zhao WX, Guo BG - Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online (2008) |
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 | T helper 1 and T helper 2 cells are pathogenic in an antigen-specific model of colitis. | fig5: Distribution of large intestinal disease mediated by Th1 and Th2 cells. The large intestines of pnir15.OVA-E. coli-colonized RAG-2β/β mice reconstituted with naive, Th1, or Th2 DO11.RAG-2β/β cells were subdivided into the indicated anatomical regions...Bottom Line: In contrast, transfer of polarized T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 populations resulted in severe wasting and colitis in recipients colonized with OVA-expressing but not control E. coli.Induction of disease by both Th1 and Th2 transfers was dependent on bacterially... | Iqbal N, Oliver JR, Wagner FH, Lazenby AS, et al. - J. Exp. Med. (2002) |
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 | A low-cost CMOS-MEMS piezoresistive accelerometer with large proof mass. | f3-sensors-11-07892: Illustrative deformation of the sensing structure subject to a downward acceleration.Bottom Line: In device design and analysis, the self heating of the polysilicon piezoresistors and its effect to the sensor performance is also discussed.With a low operating power of 1.5 mW, the accelerometer demonstrates a sensitivity of 0.077 mV/g prior to any amplification.Dynamic... | Khir MH, Qu P, Qu H - Sensors (Basel) (2011) |
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![Correlation Analysis between the Maximum Number of Cell Types and the Density of the Transmembrane Gene Duplicates throughout the History of LifeThe estimates of the number of cell types in eukaryotes at different times in the past was derived from the work of Hedges et al. [23], and the corresponding density of duplicates was calculated by using linear interpolation in the time series inferred from the overall density trace (for details, see Protocol S1).](/imgs/rescaled137/1534073_pcbi.0020102.g002.png) | Insights into the coupling of duplication events and macroevolution from an age profile of animal transmembrane... | pcbi-0020102-g002: Correlation Analysis between the Maximum Number of Cell Types and the Density of the Transmembrane Gene Duplicates throughout the History of LifeThe estimates of the number of cell types in eukaryotes at different times in the past was derived from the work...Bottom Line: The pulse mass extinction timepoints coincide with the local peaks of the age distribution, suggesting that the transmembrane gene duplicates fixed frequently when the environment changed dramatically.Moreover, a 61-million-year cycle is the most possible cycle... | Ding G, Kang J, Liu Q, Shi T, Pei G, Li Y - PLoS Comput. Biol. (2006) |
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 | Naloxone inhibits immune cell function by suppressing superoxide production through a direct interaction... | Figure 2: Displacement of 3H-naloxone by both (-) and (+)-naloxone in BV2 microglia. BV2 microglia (2 Γ 106) were used for binding experiments. Cells were incubated with hot and indicated fold concentrations of cold naloxone in binding buffer (HBSS + 10% serum) for...Bottom Line: Both (-) and (+)-naloxone attenuate inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration by inhibition of microglial activation through superoxide reduction in an opioid receptor-independent manner.Competitive binding of 3H-naloxone with cold (-) and (+)-naloxone in microglia... | Wang Q, Zhou H, Gao H, Chen SH, Chu CH, Wilson B, et al. - J Neuroinflammation (2012) |
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 | Numbers of mutations to different types of colorectal cancer. | Figure 2: Mutation timing and numbers with respect to invasiveness. If invasion or metastasis depends on mutations acquired after transformation, clinically higher stage cancers would be expected to require more time and mutations. However, if an invasive phenotype depends...Bottom Line: This type of approach may be confounded by biologic heterogeneity because different cancer subtypes may require different numbers of mutations.Sporadic MSI+ cancers may require more than a single additional somatic alteration compared to hereditary MSI+ cancers... | Calabrese P, Mecklin JP, JΓ€rvinen HJ, Aaltonen LA, et al. - BMC Cancer (2005) |
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![The molecular structure of [Mg(AlH4)2(C4H8O)4], showing 50% probability displacement ellipsoids and the atomic numbering scheme. Atoms labelled with the suffix A are generated by the symmetry operation (-x, 1/2-y, z).](/imgs/rescaled137/2979026_e-66-0m575-fig1.png) | Redetermination of di-μ-hydrido-hexa-hydridotetra-kis(tetra-hydro-furan)dialuminium(III)magnesium(II). | Fap1: The molecular structure of [Mg(AlH4)2(C4H8O)4], showing 50% probability displacement ellipsoids and the atomic numbering scheme. Atoms labelled with the suffix A are generated by the symmetry operation (-x, 1/2-y, z).Bottom Line: The Al-H distances are more precise compared to those previously determined [NΓΆth et al. (1995 βΆ).Alloys Compd, 345, 386-396].The mol-ecule has twofold rotation symmetry. | Lingam HK, Chen X, Yisgedu T, Huang Z, Zhao JC, et al. - Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online (2010) |
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![Cumulative probability plots of individual 1-year radiographic progression scores in 135 rheumatoid arthritis patients who were participating in the Combinatietherapie Bij Reumatoide Artritis (COBRA) trial (67 patients in the monotherapy group (circles) and 68 patients in the combination therapy group (triangles)). Reprinted from [14] with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.](/imgs/rescaled137/2787283_ar2745-1.png) | Outcome measures in inflammatory rheumatic diseases. | Figure 1: Cumulative probability plots of individual 1-year radiographic progression scores in 135 rheumatoid arthritis patients who were participating in the Combinatietherapie Bij Reumatoide Artritis (COBRA) trial (67 patients in the monotherapy group (circles) and...Bottom Line: Inflammatory rheumatic diseases are generally multifaceted disorders and, therefore, measurement of multiple outcomes is relevant to most of these diseases.Developments in outcome measures in the rheumatic diseases are promoted by the development of successful... | Fransen J, van Riel PL - Arthritis Res. Ther. (2009) |
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 | Rac-1 regulates nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) C1 nuclear translocation in response to Fcepsilon... | Figure 3: (A and B) Effect of V12Rac-1 upon NFATC1-GFP nuclear accumulation in RBL2H3 mast cells. RBL2H3 cells were transfected with 8 ΞΌg NFATC1-GFP reporter alone or in combination with 20 ΞΌg pEF-V12Rac-1. Cells were recovered for 6 h on glass coverslips before IgE...Bottom Line: The GTPases Ras and Rac-1 have essential functions in regulation of NFAT transcriptional activity in the mast cell system, where Fcepsilon receptor type 1 (FcepsilonR1) ligation results in induction of multiple NFAT target genes.Our data also reveal a second... | Turner H, Gomez M, McKenzie E, Kirchem A, et al. - J. Exp. Med. (1998) |
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