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Thermal stability of wild type and G98R αA-crystallin upon Cu2+-binding. Aggregation of 0.2 mg/ml of αA-crystallin (curve 1) and G98R αA-crystallin (curve 2) in buffer B and of 30 μM Cu2+-treated samples of αA-crystallin (curve 3) and G98R αA-crystallin (curve 4) is shown. The aggregation was monitored by light scattering at 465 nm as a function of temperature. G98R mutation in αA-crystallin leads to decreased thermal stability upon Cu2+-binding. Ex vivo productive HIV-1 infection in human cells differentiated in reconstituted Rag2-/-γc-/- mice. Thymus, spleen and lymph node tissues were collected at 16 weeks post-engraftment. Single cell suspensions were made and stimulated for 3 days with PHA and IL-2, and later challenged with HIV-1 NL4-3 HSA reporter virus. To detect productive viral infection, culture supernatants were analyzed by p24 ELISA at different days post-infection. Relationship between hydrodynamic volume and CD. The hydrodynamic volume (degree of compactness) of Nank4−7* species thermally denatured at 55 °C (Rh⊗)3 relative to the volume of thermally denatured Nank4−7* species in 0, 2, and 4 M urea (Rh)3. The ratio of these two parameters is plotted as a function of the corresponding θ228 for the species of interest relative to θ228⊗ (the ellipticity of thermally denatured Nank4−7* in 0 M urea). The linear fit is defined by eq 1 in the text. From left to right, symbols are for 4, 2, and 0 M urea for thermally denatured (55 °C) Nank4−7* with native Nank4−7* (θ228 and Rh determined at 15 °C) at the top right of the plot. The arrows indicate values of Rh extracted from the graph using the respective θ228 values recorded for 0.3, 0.6, and 1.0 M sarcosine. Ochratoxin A biodegradation by carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) from S. cerevisiae. (a) OTA detected in assays versus time. (b) OTα detected in the same assays versus time.-×- assay with 0.1 mg/mL of CPY at pH 5.6, 37 °C; -▲- assay with 0.5 mg/mL of CPA (control) at pH 7.5, 37 °C, -□- assay with no enzyme at pH 5.6, 37 °C (blank). Material, methods were as reported in [140]. Fluorometric analysis of GUS activities in the inflorescence stems of hypergravity-treated DR5::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Values are the mean ±SE (n=5–12). The values were normalized to the mean value of samples at 0 h. *P <0.05 Mann-Whitney U-test, two-tailed.
The Ψ2 model incorporates the existence of two isotopically distinct water pools connected with each other (see Fig. 4, dashed lines). The graph illustrates the experimentally measured time course of δ18O of thallus water (symbols) and the modelled values of the exposed, rapidly exchanging pool 1, the internally located, slowly exchanging pool 2, and the species-specifically weighted mean of both (see text for detailed information). Data are for the exposed growing fruticose lichen U. filipendula Stability of the cma transcript as a function of temperature. Transcription was blocked by addition of rifampicin (0 min) at 50 μg mL-1 to the 18 °C-culture and the culture shifted from 18 to 28 °C at an OD600 of 1·0. Total RNA was isolated from aliquots harvested at different time points after rifampicin addition and subjected to RNA spot blot analysis. The amount of detected mRNA at zero minutes was considered as 100%. The percentage of transcript remaining after rifampicin addition was plotted as a function of time. AncGR1 and its descendents evolved reduced hormone sensitivity.Ligand-dependent transcriptional activation of receptors was measured in the presence of increasing concentrations of hormone using a luciferase reporter gene assay. Dose-response curves were calculated for receptor-hormone pairs and plotted as the log effective concentration of hormone for half maximal activation (log EC50) in molar with standard error. Larger values, lower sensitivity; smaller values, higher sensitivity. Hormones are: 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), corticosterone (B), 11-dehydrocorticosterone (11-DHC), and 1α-hydroxycorticosterone (1α-B). Cartilaginous fish species are shown in (Figure 1). 11-DHC did not activate cartilaginous fish GRs in our assay (defined as <2-fold activation for EC50>1 µM of hormone) and is not shown for these receptors. Computer-assisted quantitative analyses of hindlimb blood flow in apoE−/− mice demonstrated significantly enhanced ratio of ischemic to untreated limb blood perfusion in mice ischemic limb receiving intramuscular injections of alginate (Blank), alginate containing VEGF165 (VEGF), or alginate containing VEGF165 combined with PLG microspheres containing PDGF-BB (VEGF/PDGF). (a) Dual Oscillator Model: NeuronGroup1 (pFRG) provides excitatory synaptic input to NeuronGroup2 (preBötC) and NeuronGroup2 provides inhibitory synaptic input directly to NeuronGroup1. (b) Three neuronal group model: Similar to Dual Oscillator Model except that an inspiratory interneuron group, NeuronGroup3 is added. NeuronGroup3 receives excitatory inputs from NeuronGroup2 and inhibit NeuronGroup1. Open and closed circles represent excitatory and inhibitory synaptic connections, respectively
Basic flavonoid structures. Thermal denaturation curve of a 1:1 mixture of A9 and T10 npGNA compared with A10:T10 duplexes of DNA, GNA, and GNA:npGNA. The effect of different temperatures on EMS growth indicated by absorbance at 600 nm measured every 3 hours. EMS was incubated with M9 medium containing crude MCs extract at 4 °C (▪), 10 °C (•), 20 °C (▴), 30 °C (▾), and 37 °C (♦), respectively. The 5-AA deletion does not reduce the ability of B. burgdorferi to colonize joint or skin tissue of SCID mice.Subgroups of five SCID mice were inoculated with 104 spirochetes of the clone ΔospC/FL/1, ΔospC/FL2, ΔospC/ΔNt5/1 or ΔospC/ΔNt5/2, and euthanized a month later. DNA was prepared from heart, joint and skin specimens and analyzed for spirochete flaB and murine actin DNA copies by qPCR. Data are expressed as spirochete numbers per 106 host cells and presented in two groups by combining the subgroups ΔospC/FL/1 and ΔospC/FL2, and ΔospC/ΔNt5/1 and ΔospC/ΔNt5/2. Heparin-dependent inhibition of thrombin by Serp-1. Thrombin at a fixed amount (0.002 NIH units) was incubated with Serp-1 at three non-inhibiting amounts (38, 75, and 150 ng) with increasing units of heparin (X axis). The experiment conditions were similar to those in Fig. 2 except color generation was monitored at 17 hour after the substrate was added into the reactions. The residual thrombin activity (Y axis) was expressed as percentage of the control sample, which contained no Serp-1.
[3H]GABA uptake assayed in oocytes expressing WT-GAT17. The GABA uptake activity was measured in uninjected (○), GAT-1 mRNA-injected (▵), GAT-1 mRNA-injected and TMRM-labeled (▴), and GAT-1 mRNA-injected and MTSET-treated (•) oocytes. Each data point is the mean value of measurements from three to four cells, and the error bars indicate SEM. The curves are the nonlinear fits to hyperbolic dose–response relations (Michaelis-Menten equation). Ranking of the affinity matured anti-MUC1 scFs by antigen titration ELISA.A dilution series of scFvs was used for MUC1 detection. The bound scFvs were detected with mouse anti-myc (1∶1,000) and goat anti-mouse IgG (Fab specific) HRP conjugate (1∶10,000) (Sigma, München, Germany). Examples of functional fine-tuning in Zs of hierarchical FFLs: the arabinose (A) and galactose (B) systems.In each case we plotted (top) the incoming/outgoing regulatory interactions associated to the TF sensing the specific sugar and those links involved in FFL assembly, and (bottom) the encoded metabolic pathway, with arrows or ellipses –crossed by arrows– denoting enzymes and transporters, respectively. Each system imports the corresponding metabolite by two different (non-homolog) transporter classes: MFS sugar/proton symporters and ABC transporters. MFS transporters encoded in araE, galP are homologs. ABC transporters in araFGH, mglBAC are also homologs. Note that both examples exhibited maximal FFLness, i.e., F = 1. Color code Z-elements: blue, adjacent Z; red, non-adjacent Z. The same color code applies to the encoded pathway steps. Text S1 for more examples and further discussions. In vitro integration using modified or variable-length target sequences.Number of PIAP copies from integration into variable-length repeat sequences (left). Line represents a linear regression between the logarithm of copy number and number of repeated x, y units. The correlation coefficient was equivalent to 0.96. Repeat number 0 indicates that plasmid DNA was used as the substrate. Error bars represent standard deviation (S.E.). Percentage of PIAP copies from integration into the variable repeat sequences against that from integration into the whole sequence (right). Line represents linear regression between the percentage and number of repeated x, y units. The correlation coefficient was equivalent to 0.92. Error bars represent standard deviation (S.E.) (*P<0.001). Linear plot of PSA score vs. time. PSA values in μg/l are displayed as a function of measurement time in months after the surgery.
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