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 | Myocilin variations and familial glaucoma in Taxiarchis, a small Greek village. | f1: Segregation of primary open-angle glaucoma in a large family from Taxiarchis (Taxi 2). Note that A23 is homozygous for the Thr377Met mutation. A filled-in symbol indicates that the person has been diagnosed with POAG. The number under the symbol indicates the...Bottom Line: Two of these patients were homozygous for the Thr377Met mutation.Three individuals with the Arg76Lys polymorphism had glaucoma; however, two of these individuals also had the Thr377Met mutation.Only two patients with pseudoexfoliation were identified.The incidence... | Wirtz MK, Konstas AG, Samples JR, Kaltsos K, et al. - Mol. Vis. (2008) |
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![Competing hypotheses for the rooting of angiosperms showing the same underlying angiosperm topology when outgroups are excluded. A. Rooting within monocots (Mono), on the branch between grasses and all other angiosperms (see Fig. 2C, whose BS values are shown here, and also Fig. 2F; also see Goremykin et al. [19]). B. Unrooted network, with arrow showing alternative rootings as in A and C. C. Canonical rooting on the branch between Amborella and the rest of angiosperms (see Fig. 2I, whose BS values are shown here, and also Fig. 2L). We emphasize that 100% BS was obtained for Amborella-sister and for monocot monophyly (compared to 79% and 78% in C) using ML methods that allow for site-to-site rate heterogeneity (e.g., Additional files 1â3).](/imgs/rescaled137/543456_1471-2148-4-35-8.png) | Long branch attraction, taxon sampling, and the earliest angiosperms: Amborella or monocots? | Figure 8: Competing hypotheses for the rooting of angiosperms showing the same underlying angiosperm topology when outgroups are excluded. A. Rooting within monocots (Mono), on the branch between grasses and all other angiosperms (see Fig. 2C, whose BS values are shown...Bottom Line: Evol. 20:1499-1505), whose analyses of 61 genes from 13 sequenced chloroplast genomes of land plants nearly always found 100% support for monocots as the deepest angiosperms relative to Amborella, Calycanthus, and eudicots.These results highlight the danger... | StefanoviΔ S, Rice DW, Palmer JD - BMC Evol. Biol. (2004) |
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 | 2-[(4-Ethoxy-phen-yl)imino-meth-yl]-5-methoxy-phenol. | Fap1: The molecular structure of the title compound, showing the atom-numbering scheme. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 30% probability level.Bottom Line: This H atom is involved in a strong intra-molecular O-Hβ―N hydrogen bond.The mol-ecule is almost planar, the angle between the benzene rings being 4.43β
(13)Β°.C-Hβ―Ο inter-actions are also present. | Sahin ZS, ErΕahin F, Macit M, IΕΔ±k S - Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online (2009) |
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 | Prefrontal activity predicts monkeys' decisions during an auditory category task. | Figure 6: Population analysis of ADC values when the networks were trained using vPFC activity from trials in which the test stimulus was a prototype stimulus only. In each panel, on a neuron-by-neuron basis, two of the three ADC values are compared. In panel (A), the...Bottom Line: The neural correlates that relate auditory categorization to aspects of goal-directed behavior, such as decision-making, are not well understood.Since the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in executive function and the categorization of auditory... | Lee JH, Russ BE, Orr LE, Cohen YE - Front Integr Neurosci (2009) |
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 | The type of responder T-cell has a significant impact in a human in vitro suppression assay. | pone-0015154-g006: RO-T1D and aAb+ve unaffected subjects show dramatic decrease in suppression of CD4+CD25low-Tcell proliferation by Tregs.There was statistically significant difference in suppressive potential of CD4+CD25- T cells between control, RO T1D and aAb+ve subjects...Bottom Line: In type 1 diabetes (T1D), a prototypic autoimmune disease, effector T cells destroy beta cells.Time-course experiments showed that this difference could be explained by higher IL-2 production from CD4+CD25(low) compared to CD4+CD25- T cells.There was also a... | Jana S, Campbell H, Woodliff J, Waukau J, et al. - PLoS ONE (2010) |
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 | The choice between p53-induced senescence and quiescence is determined in part by the mTOR pathway. | Figure 7: Activation of the mTOR pathway favors senescence in nutlin-3a-arrested cells.Bottom Line: In accord, in melanoma cell lines and mouse embryo fibroblasts, which easily undergo senescence in response to p53 activation, nutlin-3a failed to inhibit mTOR.In these senescence-prone cells, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin converted nutlin-3a-induced senescence... | Korotchkina LG, Leontieva OV, Bukreeva EI, et al. - Aging (Albany NY) (2010) |
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 | Effect of the effluent released from the canine internal mammary artery after intraluminal and extraluminal... | Figure 2: Effect of the effluent from canine internal mammary artery on coronary artery endothelium-free ring. Relaxation of the coronary artery endothelium-free ring induced by the effluent released from canine internal mammary artery stimulated by intraluminal and...Bottom Line: In contrast, acetylcholine produced significant increase in the relaxant activity on the effluent of the perfused internal mammary artery with both intraluminal and extraluminal perfusion.The intraluminal and extraluminal release of endothelium-derived relaxing... | Matsuda NM, Pearson PJ, Schaff HV, Piccinato CE, et al. - J. Biomed. Sci. (2009) |
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 | Efficacy and Safety Assessment of T. Angelica Herbal Tonic(R), a Phytomedicinal Product Popularly Used... | fig1: Increase in weight of virgin rats during the administration of THAT before mating.Bottom Line: The study did not show any gross behavioral changes in mice treated with 1000 mg kg(-1) of TAHT as compared with the negative control treatment.At concentrations up to 300 mug ml(-1), TAHT did not cause any significant effect on acetylcholine, histamine and... | Esimone CO, Akah PA, Nworu CS - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med (2009) |
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 | Is autoinducer-2 a universal signal for interspecies communication: a comparative genomic and phylogenetic... | Figure 2: Genes involved in the signalling cascade for detection of AI-2 in Vibrio. Abbreviations: OM outer membrane; IM inner membrane; H histidine; D aspartate; HTH helix turn helix motif; sRNA small regulatory RNAs; Hfq chaperone protein. Numbers indicate analyzed...Bottom Line: In all 138 organisms, only the three Vibrio strains had strong, bidirectional matches to the periplasmic AI-2 binding protein LuxP and the central signal relay protein LuxU.The initial two-component sensor kinase protein LuxQ, and the terminal response regulator... | Sun J, Daniel R, Wagner-DΓΆbler I, Zeng AP - BMC Evol. Biol. (2004) |
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 | Facile Synthesis of Monodisperse CdS Nanocrystals via Microreaction. | Figure 9: XRD pattern of 5.2-nm CdS NCs synthesized at 68 s (OA: 51.2 vol %)Bottom Line: The superior stability of the microreactor and its continuous operation allowed the investigation of synthesis parameters with high efficiency.Reaction temperature was found to be a key parameter for balancing the reactivity of CdS precursors, while residence... | Wan Z, Yang H, Luan W, Tu ST, Zhou X - Nanoscale Res Lett (2009) |
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![Sphingolipid composition of lipid rafts and soluble domains in cultured skin fibroblasts. Lipid rafts were isolated from cultured skin fibroblasts (6 mg of total cell protein) and the lipids present in each of the 12 fractions were extracted and analysed by mass spectrometry as described previously [50]. Individual species of ceramide (Cer, closed squares), glucosylceramide (GC, open diamonds), lactosylceramide (LC, closed triangles) and trihexosylceramide (THC, crosses) were summed and shown. Results are expressed as pmol lipid per mg of total protein. Lipid rafts are localised to fractions 3 and 4.](/imgs/rescaled137/2964722_1476-511X-9-113-4.png) | Sphingolipids: the nexus between Gaucher disease and insulin resistance. | Figure 4: Sphingolipid composition of lipid rafts and soluble domains in cultured skin fibroblasts. Lipid rafts were isolated from cultured skin fibroblasts (6 mg of total cell protein) and the lipids present in each of the 12 fractions were extracted and analysed by...Bottom Line: Lipid rafts play a role in facilitating and regulating lipid and protein interactions in cells, and their unique lipid composition enables them to carry out this role.Lipid rafts are also necessary for correct insulin signalling, and a perturbed lipid raft... | Fuller M - Lipids Health Dis (2010) |
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![Species studied, with estimated branch length, in average changes per synonymous site (dS), from reference [28].](/imgs/rescaled137/2740785_1471-2148-9-192-1.png) | Intronization, de-intronization and intron sliding are rare in Cryptococcus. | Figure 1: Species studied, with estimated branch length, in average changes per synonymous site (dS), from reference [28].Bottom Line: Such changes can affect the encoded protein sequence and/or post-transcriptional regulation, and are thus a potentially important source of genomic and phenotypic novelty.Among only 40 observed cases of cDNA-confirmed non-conserved intron boundaries, most are... | Roy SW - BMC Evol. Biol. (2009) |
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 | Phase I Dose Escalation Study of Sodium Stibogluconate (SSG), a Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Inhibitor,... | Figure 3: Differences in the percentage of dendritic cells. Fresh peripheral blood samples were evaluated by flow cytometry for the presence of Lin-HLA-DR+ dendritic cells at baseline, following SSG monotherapy (C1D8) and following SSG + IFN-Ξ± combination therapy (C2D12)....Bottom Line: The dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) were hypokalemia, thrombocytopenia, fatigue, pancreatitis and skin rash.The MTD was 900 mg/m(2 )SSG and IFN-Ξ±, 3 million units TIW.At this dose, patients had a significantly lower number of regulatory T cells (T(R )Cells)... | Naing A, Reuben JM, Camacho LH, Gao H, Lee BN, et al. - J Cancer (2011) |
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![Metabolic pathway for GDP-fucose synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [17]. Enzymes â 1: GDP-mannose-4,6-dehydratase (Gmd), 2: GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-mannose-3,5-epimerase (GmeR), 3: 4-reductase (GmeR), 4: GDP-fucose pyrophosphorylase, 5: fucose kinase.](/imgs/rescaled137/1544344_1475-2859-5-25-8.png) | Metabolic engineering of microbes for oligosaccharide and polysaccharide synthesis. | Figure 8: Metabolic pathway for GDP-fucose synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [17]. Enzymes β 1: GDP-mannose-4,6-dehydratase (Gmd), 2: GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-mannose-3,5-epimerase (GmeR), 3: 4-reductase (GmeR), 4: GDP-fucose pyrophosphorylase, 5: fucose kinase.Bottom Line: Metabolic engineering has recently been embraced as an effective tool for developing whole-cell biocatalysts for oligosaccharide and polysaccharide synthesis.Unlike nicotinamide cofactors, the required sugar nucleotides are products of multiple interacting... | Ruffing A, Chen RR - Microb. Cell Fact. (2006) |
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 | CD28-independent induction of T helper cells and immunoglobulin class switches requires costimulation... | Figure 1: Experimental scheme. Age- and sex-matched mice were immunized intraperitoneally with 50 ΞΌg/mouse of DNP-KLH in CFA. Sera were collected at 1 wk after the primary immunization. The immunized mice were boosted with 50 ΞΌg of KLH-DNP in IFA at 2 wk after the...Bottom Line: We found that after immunization with KLH-DNP, mice deficient for both CD28 and HSA lack DNP-specific IgA and all subtypes of IgG.This deficiency corresponds to a reduced number of effector helper T cells that rapidly produce IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-gamma after... | Wu Y, Zhou Q, Zheng P, Liu Y - J. Exp. Med. (1998) |
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 | Adipose tissue deficiency and chronic inflammation in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. | pone-0017386-g005: Hormone profiles.Plasma concentrations of A) corticosterone, B) leptin and C) adiponectin as a function of age in GK and WKY animals. Data represent means and error bars 1 SD of the mean. Closed circlesβ=βGK; open circlesβ=βWKY). *β=βP<0.05;...Bottom Line: Systemic inflammation was reflected by chronically elevated white blood cell counts.Furthermore, chronic inflammation in adipose tissue was evident from the differential expression of genes involved in inflammatory responses and activation of natural immunity,... | Xue B, Sukumaran S, Nie J, Jusko WJ, Dubois DC, et al. - PLoS ONE (2011) |
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 | Oxidative coupling as a biomimetic approach to the synthesis of scytonemin. | sch1: Retrosynthetic Analysis of ScytoneminBottom Line: The first total synthesis of the dimeric alkaloid pigment scytonemin is described.The key transformations in its synthesis from 3-indole acetic acid are a Heck carbocyclization and a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, orchestrated in a stereospecific tandem fashion,... | Ekebergh A, Karlsson I, Mete R, Pan Y, BΓΆrje A, et al. - Org. Lett. (2011) |
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 | Lack of coreceptor allows survival of chronically stimulated double-negative alpha/beta T cells: implications... | Figure 1: Phenotype and cytokine production by activated CD4β/β and CD4+/+ AND T cells. (A) Phenotype of purified CD4+/+ and CD4β/β AND T cells. AND T cells on CD4+/+ or CD4β/β background were isolated using negative selection as described in Materials and...Bottom Line: Enhanced survival of CD4(-/-) T cells was due to decreased apoptosis rather than enhanced proliferation.Similarly, circumvention of the CD4/MHC interaction by using a surrogate TCR ligand that does not engage CD4 led to significant enhancement of CD4(+/+) cells... | Hamad AR, Srikrishnan A, Mirmonsef P, Broeren CP, et al. - J. Exp. Med. (2001) |
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