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A schematic diagram depicting the two positive feedback loops (in dark lines) that control the generation of cue- independent cell polarity in yeast. The actin-dependent feedback loop results in accumulation of Cdc42 in both nucleotide-bound forms on the plasma membrane, whereas the Bem1-dependent feedback loop results in recruitment and/or activation of the GEF Cdc24 to the site of Cdc42 accumulation. Coupling of these feedback loops is required for the generation of robust cell polarity. Number of records and species found with and without introns using the Blast approach. Histogram representing the number of a) records and b) species found with the Blast approach for each of the selected genes. Each bar is split in grey and white zones proportionally to the number of records without any introns or with introns, respectively. LBA model. The accumulator representing response alternative 1 is on average faster than the competing accumulator. The model therefore predicts that response alternative 1 will be selected on the majority of trials. See text for details. LSID. A LSID is prefixed with "urn:lsid", then follows the authority, namespace, and identifier components. Deletion of SSA1 or ALS3 reduces HBMEC endocytosis of C. albicans.(A and B) Endocytosis of the indicated strains of C. albicans by HBMECs. The results are expressed as a percentage of the wild-type strain and are the mean ± SD of 3 experiments, each performed in triplicate. A mean 65 of wild-type cells per HPF was endocytosed by the HBMECs. *p<0.01 compared to the wild-type strain; †p<0.01 compared to the vps51Δ/Δ mutant.
Etoposide inhibits the increased death in astrocytes simultaneously exposed to SIN-1 and GD. Astrocytes were exposed to 200µM SIN-1 and/or GD with or without pre- and co-treatment, or just co-treatment of etoposide. LDH levels were determined 6 h after starting the GD. Data are the percent of total LDH and expressed as the mean S.E.M. N=5. ***p<0.001, (two-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Scheffe By combining genetic analysis via automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and toxin detection using the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor, it will be possible to identify the species as well as the level of domoic acid associated with a HAB event. Experimental design. After serum starvation for 24 h, cells were trypsinized and collected in DME containing 2% BSA, washed, and plated in DME containing 0.2% BSA on various different substrates (point a). Growth factors were added 16 h later (point b), and the ability of each substrate to support progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle was compared. Pedigrees of the family affected by NPS. Pedigree showing five consecutive generations of affected members. Autosomal dominant transmission of the disease is evident. The arrow at the lower left of the symbol indicates the proband, squares indicate males and circles indicate females, open and filled symbols indicate unaffected and affected individuals respectively. Asterisks indicate members of the family who underwent clinical examination and molecular analyses.
β–cyclodextrin induces apoptosis in human keratinocytes via caspase-8 activation. The caspase-8 activity was determined using the bioluminescent Caspase-Glo™ 8 Assay kit (Promega GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) [11]. Addition of recombinant human IL-6 to freshly isolated proximal tubules. A total of 200 ng of recombinant human (h) IL-6 was added to media with and without freshly isolated proximal tubules after 20 minutes of either normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Media human IL-6 concentration was determined after five minutes of incubation. Human IL-6 was significantly reduced in the media containing normoxic proximal tubules versus normoxic and hypoxic media without proximal tubules (*P < 0.02, n = 5 to 6). Media human IL-6 was higher in hypoxic proximal tubules versus normoxic proximal tubules (†P = 0.05, n = 6). Effect of local HO-2 knockdown on injury induced HO-1 mRNA expression and on HO-2 mRNA expression. Corneal HO-1 mRNA levels in A: control shRNA and B: HO-2-shRNA-treated corneas 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 days post epithelial debridement (*p<0.05; **p<0.01 from corresponding uninjured corneas, n=5–7). Corneal HO-2 mRNA levels in C: control shRNA and D: HO-2-shRHA-treated corneas in uninjured corneas, and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 days post epithelial debridement (*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001 from control shRNA-treated uninjured corneas, n=5–10). State 3 respiratory rates of heart subsarcolemmal mitochondria (A) and interfibrillar mitochondria (B). State 3 was induced by 200 µM ADP when mitochondria oxidize complex I substrates (Glutamate+Malate and Pyruvate+Malate), and 100 µM ADP when mitochondria oxidize complexes II (Succinate+rotenone), III (Duroquinol, DHQ+rotenone), and IV via cytochrome c (TMPD ascorbate+rotenone). M, malate. *P < 0.05 control (n = 5) vs. heart failure (n = 5). Mean ± SEM. Comparison of the PCV2 re-stimulation profile for freshly isolated compared to frozen and then in vitro expanded PBMC. PBMC were re-stimulated with PCV2, mock antigen, or medium alone directly after isolation ("PBMC fresh; 24 h"). Aliquots of the PBMC were frozen under liquid nitrogen, before thawing and expanding by culture in the presence of rpoIL-2 together with PCV2, mock antigen, or medium alone. This expansion was for 24 h ("PBMC thawed; 24 h"), 3 days ("PBMC thawed; 3 days") or 5 days ("PBMC thawed; 5 days") prior to analysis for IFN-γ SC by the ELISPOT assay. Means of triplicates +/- SD of two experiments are shown.
Model for peripheral B cell maturation. The first cells to colonize the spleen are the AA4+ T1 subset, which yields the AA4+ T2 subset that represents the common precursor of follicular and MZ B cells. CD21high CD23+ splenocytes are the immediate precursor of MZ B cells, and might arise from AA4+ T2 cells, follicular B cells, or both. It also is possible that CD21high CD23+ splenocytes make a small contribution to the follicular pool, or that this subset is in dynamic equilibrium with the follicular subset. The relative thickness of the arrow represents the estimated flux from one compartment to another based on BrdU-labeling kinetics. Distribution of read lengths and contig lengths for H. serrata and P. carinatus. A. Size distribution of 454 sequencing reads after removal of adaptor sequences. B. Length distribution of contigs (assembled sequences) in the 454-EST datasets. Schematic configuration of the EMI SE measurement set-up The combination of cyclosporin A and itraconazole does not cause general toxicity.(A) HUVEC and HFF were treated with a combination of CsA and Ita for 30 hours. Cell viability was measured by Calcein AM staining (n = 3). (B) Proliferation of HeLa and Jurkat T cells treated with a combination of CsA and Ita was compared to that of HUVEC after a 30 hour incubation (n = 3). Total combined drug dose shown (the ratio of CsA to Ita was 10∶1 as in other experiments). Bars, SEM; ** p<0.05; dashed lines indicate 95% confidence bands. (C) The viability of HeLa was determined as in (A) and Jurkat viability was determined after a 24 h drug dose followed by a 6 h incubation with Alamar blue. Bars = SEM; n = 3.
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