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Association of N-ZO-1, N-ZO-2, and full-length ZO-3 with the cytoplasmic domain of claudin-1 in vitro. The GST fusion protein with the cytoplasmic domain of claudin-1 (GST-Cln-1) or GST protein (GST), which was bound to glutathione–Sepharose beads, was incubated with the lysate of Sf9 cells expressing N-ZO-1, C-ZO-1, 6xHis-N-ZO-2, or 6xHis-C-ZO-2, or with the lysate of E. coli expressing 6xHis-tagged full-length ZO-3. In each lysate, the amount of recombinant protein was adjusted to be the same. After washing, the proteins associated with GST fusion protein or GST were eluted from the beads with a buffer containing glutathione. The eluates from N-ZO-1–, C-ZO-1–, 6xHis-N-ZO-2–, 6xHis-C-ZO-2–, or 6xHis-ZO-3–incubated beads were separated by SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting with anti–ZO-1 mAb T8754, anti–ZO-1 mAb T7713, anti-His tag mAb, anti-His tag mAb, or anti-His tag mAb (immunoblotting). The amount of GST–claudin-1 (GST-claudin-1) and GST (GST) in each eluate was determined by Coomassie brilliant blue staining (CBB). As indicated by arrowheads, N-ZO-1, N-ZO-2, full-length ZO-3, but not C-ZO-1 or C-ZO-2, showed binding affinity to the cytoplasmic domain of claudin-1. Bars indicate molecular masses of 200, 116, 97, 66, 45, and 31 kD, respectively, from the top. Properties of IL-21 and the IL-21 receptor. IL-21 plays a role in B-cell differentiation and T cell-B cell interactions, and is elevated in individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus. Cumulative number of publications found in Web of Knowledge on July 2, 2011, using as search terms (a) TS = (“embodied cognition”) or TS = (“embodied process*”); (b) TS = (“finger count*”); (c) TS = (“num* cognition” or “num* process*”). In vitro drug combination study of propranolol and chemotherapy on cell proliferationHistogram representation of the combination index (CI) of propranolol in association with 5-fluorouracil (A) or paclitaxel (B) on a panel of human cell lines. Growth inhibition assays were performed using Alamar Blue or MTT after 72 h incubation with a range of chemotherapeutic drug concentrations in presence or absence of propranolol at the lowest effective concentration (IC15). CI values were determined based on the Chou and Talalay method for all tested concentrations of chemotherapeutic drug. Columns, means of at least three individual experiments; bars, SE. Mechanism(s) of anemia in cancer patients.
The molecular structure of compound 2. Schematic drawing of the Optical Stimulating Glasses. Maturation of borreliae within the tick midgut. Unfed infected nymphs acquire infection from a previous feed during the tick larval stage. Midgut borreliae are quiescent and express group II stage lipoproteins, predominantly OspA and OspB. During a nymphal stage feed on a new host in response to changes in temperature and pH the borreliae begin expressing OspC and other group I stage lipoproteins (e.g., DbA/B, Mlp, Erp, and vslE). Inhibition by anti– Nr-CAM antibodies of neurite extension induced by βCFS. Primary chick tectal cells were plated on dishes coated with βCFS fusion protein (80 μg/ml) and cultured for 48 h in the presence of Fab′ fragments (500 μg/ml) of nonimmune (A) or anti– Nr-CAM polyclonal antibody (B). The plates were fixed and photographed. Quantification of lengths of tectal cell neurites on βCFS fusion protein (C) and on Ng-CAM (D) in the presence of Fab′ fragments. The average neurite lengths on βCFS (C) treated with Fab′ were 59 ± 4 μm (n = 193) for normal rabbit, 55 ± 2 μm (n = 302) for anti–Ng-CAM, and 16 ± 3 μm (n = 93) for anti–NrCAM. The average neurite lengths on Ng-CAM (D) treated with Fab′ were 83 ± 5 μm (n = 198) for normal rabbit, 34 ± 2 μm (n = 118) for anti–Ng-CAM, and 80 ± 5 μm (n = 187) for anti–Nr-CAM. The percentage of neurons with neurites longer than a given length in micrometers was determined as described in Materials and Methods. The results of one representative experiment are shown, and similar results were obtained in five different experiments. Anti–Nr-CAM polyclonal antibody, inhibited neurite outgrowth on Nr-CAM substrate completely at the concentration of 500 μg/ml (data not shown). Bar, 100 μm. Effect of Dex concentration on HGF cell growth rate. Each point represents the mean from six wells at each time point. There was no apparent effect of Dex on the cell growth pattern.
Relationship between the infectivity of recombinant viruses bearing envelope proteins from plasma viruses for MT4-R5 cells and U373-R5 cells. Recombinant reporter viruses were generated as described in Fig. 1 legend, and the ability of these viruses to infect MT4-R5 cells and U373-R5 cells was measured by evaluating luciferase expression in the target cells 44 hours after infection. For each of the 53 viruses with strict R5 tropism, the infectivity ratio (infectivity for U373-R5 cells/infectivity for MT4-R5 cells) is expressed as a function of the infectivity for MT4-R5 cells [(RLU/sec)/(ng p24/ml)]. A significant inverse correlation between these parameters was observed (Spearman r = -0.64, p < 0.0001). Eosinophil transmigration across IL-4–stimulated HUVECs is shear dependent. HUVECs were stimulated with M199/A containing 20 ng/ml IL-4 for 24 h. Eosinophils (5 × 105/ml) were allowed to interact with IL-4–stimulated HUVECs under static (0 dyn/cm2) or flow (2 dyn/cm2) conditions in the flow chamber. (A) Transmigration was measured every 2 min for 20 min as described in Materials and Methods. Data are mean ± SEM of at least four experiments. *P < 0.05. (B) Digitally captured images are presented at 1-min intervals to illustrate the interactions between eosinophils (black arrow) and IL-4–stimulated HUVECs under static or shear conditions. Data are representative of at least four experiments. CD62L phenotype (after B/I activation and expansion) of T cells mediating tumor regression. Mice with established 4T1 flank tumors were either untreated, treated with CYP alone (100 mg/kg i.p. on day 3) or CYP + AIT (on day 4) with 10 × 106 unsorted, CD62L+ or CD62- B/I activated tumor-sensitized lymphocytes. CD62L separation was performed after B/I activation and expansion for 7 days in culture, just prior to adoptive transfer. Mean tumor sizes ± SE are charted over time. Numbers to the right indicate the number of mice with complete tumor regression per total number of mice in each group. The AIT and CD62L- AIT groups were significantly different from the untreated group and the CD62L+ AIT groups [F(4,29) = 15.3889, P < 0.0001]. Effect of basolateral Na-acetate pulse on TRC [Na+]i and pHi. (A) The relative changes in [Na+]i were monitored in polarized TRCs loaded with sodium green while they were initially perfused on both sides with control Ringer Cartoon of the KaiC phosphorylation cycle. Phosphorylated KaiC monomers are marked by filled circles. The relative amount of molecules involved in the transitions between the indicated states is indicated by the line thickness of the arrows. After incubation, autophosphorylation of KaiC hexamers is enhanced by KaiA. After 6 h, KaiBC complexes start to build. The KaiBC complexes dephosphorylate, presumably by inhibiting access of KaiA to its active sites for KaiC phosphorylation. Low phosphorylated KaiBC can bind KaiA with high affinity and this leads to dephosphorylation also of the KaiC hexamers. The synchronisation of the KaiBC phosphorylation level by monomer exchange plays only a minor role.
Study sites. Approximate locations of study sites (black filled circles) and native "control" sites (open circles) in California, USA. Dashed lines illustrate regions previously known to have some level of introgression [27]. Sites are: 1 – Bluestone, 2 – Sycamore, 3 – Toro, 4 – Melindy, 5 – Pond H, 6 – Ludwig, 7 – Olcott, 8 – Diablo, 9 – Vasco, 10 – Frick, 11 – Tesla, 12 – Hickman, 13 – Urrutia, 14 – Alta, and 15 – Black. Comparative DEET-elicited responses.DEET-induced excitatory responses from Drosophila pbA1 ORN showed lower threshold than those recorded from the DEET-sensitive mosquito ORNs from the Southern House mosquito, Cx. quinquefasciatus [20] and the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti [21], respectively. Error bars are standard error of the mean (SEM). Maximum parsimony tree of mtDNA lineages M31 and M32 obtained by multiplexed genotyping, demonstrating the fine structure apportioned to these lineages [Ra = Rajbanshi; Lo = Lodha; La = Lambadi; Ch = Chenchu; GA = Greater Andamanese; On = Onge; J = Jarawa].The definitions of the Andaman-specific M31a1 and M32 lineages are revised to include additional control region SNPs resulting from the cloned sequences of the historic samples.The Indian variant found amongst the Lodha, Chenchu and Lambadi develops the inter-regional structure of M31 and allows for the settlement of the Andaman archipelago substantially after the last successful migrations Out of Africa by modern humans.These sequences contribute a deletion at np249 on the trunk of M31a1 and the motif of 143-195-207 on the stem of M32, contra to the tree of Thangaraj et al.[23], which did not report the deletion and the three M32 SNPs never occurred together in their five samples.The original data also reported a transition at np200 on all four of their M31 samples, but in the historic data it is only found in a single Onge sample. A summary of the main discussion in the review; Innate immunity evident as cytokine release, Toll-like receptor activation, or nuclear factor kappa activation may lead to beneficial myocardial adaptation to ischaemia. Cardiac innate immunity increases acute ischaemic injury. However, its role in long-term chronic models of remodelling and hypertrophy is not clarified Myograms displaying contractile activities of the Zophobas atratus heart and the effects of (A) physiological saline, (B) fraction 33 from the CC/CA and (C) fraction 36 from the brain. Addition of saline or test compounds is indicated by the arrows. High quality figures are available online.
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